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Canonization of New Testament Scripture
The prophet Jeremiah foretold of a new covenant God would make with His people.
    Jeremiah 3131 Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:32 Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD:33 But this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel; After those days, saith the LORD, I will put my law in their inward parts, and write it in their hearts; and will be their God, and they shall be my people.
The old covenant is written in stone. The "new covenant" is written in the hearts of the people who worship God.
2 Corinthians 3 3 Forasmuch as ye are manifestly declared to be the epistle of Christ ministered by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, but in fleshy tables of the heart.
 
The original covenant God gave Moses was put into writing in the 10 commandments of stone and further explained in what is called the Old Testament (law, writings, and prophets). The new covenant is the gospel of Christ which is made between God and man when Jesus fulfilled the original messianic prophecies (Matt. 5:17) of the Old Testament. It is put into writing in the hearts of those who belong to Him and explained in what is called the New Testament (gospels, letters, and revelation).
 
In the Old Testament is found a set of rules to govern the Jewish people before Christ. In the New Testament is found a set of rules to govern the spiritually Jewish people (Christians)--all of mankind of every race, color, and creed who accept Jesus as their Messiah and Savior.
Romans 2 29 But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.
God came to man through the Son of God in the form of the man Jesus to make a new covenant which would give mankind the gift of salvation. This new covenant was written down by Jesus' apostles and disciples so that future generations could have an opportunity to learn about Jesus and from it receive this salvation.
[New Testament meaning of New Covenant was possibly derived from the Jeremiah verse.]
 
 
The New Testament written documents were compiled and chosen as liturgy by certain leaders of the church during and after apostolic times. In A.D. 331, the Roman emperor Constantine I commissioned Eusebius of Caesarea to bring together fifty Bibles as samples of these organized documents (Schaff). This began their official canonization (canonization: an ecclesiastical law or code of laws established by a church council) ("Canon").
 
The word "canon" was derived from the "reed," a plant used as a measuring rod. Origen, who was a third-century church father, used this word to denote a "rule of faith" (McDowell 21). Accordingly, the written documents were set as a rule of faith for Christians.
The final official canonization of New Testament Scripture took place in A.D. 397 at the Council of Carthage. Previous to this Council was the Synod of Hippo in A.D. 393 which listed all 27 books now known to the New Testament.  Neither Council decided which books were to be selected for the New Testament. They reaffirmed the books already in use since apostolic times. Reasons the books were chosen for canonicity are their consistency and proof of being prophetically written (such as by the apostles who quoted Old Testament to verify fulfillment), confirmation from God found in works of miracles (as found in the gospels and Acts), clear and precise truth, having the power of God, and accepted by God's chosen people for liturgy since apostolic times (McDowell 21-2).
 
 
That the New Testament would be put in to writing was predicted by Isaiah.
Isaiah 8 13 Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and let him be your dread.14 And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.15 And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken.16 Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples.17 And I will wait upon the LORD, that hideth his face from the house of Jacob, and I will look for him.
Isaiah actually tells us it is the disciples of the Lord God ("my disciples") (v. 16) who were to write the New Testament.
 
 
According to Peter, Jesus as the Lord God chose three apostles He named the "sons of thunder" (Mark 3:14-17) to fulfill this work.
    2 Peter 114 Knowing that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle, even as our Lord Jesus Christ hath shewed me.15 Moreover I will endeavour that ye may be able after my decease to have these things always in remembrance.16 Forwe have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty.17 For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from theexcellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.18 And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount.19 We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a light thatshineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts:20 Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private interpretation.21 For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.
Proof of the three apostles' special choosing is their having witnessed the transfiguration of Christ (v. 18-19) as found in Mark 9:2-9.
 
Peter says that he will see to it the message of Christ will be "always in remembrance" after he is gone (v.15). Peter intended to put the works of Christ and His followers in to writing.
 
Peter was also named by Jesus as the "rock" upon which He would build His church "And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it" (Matt. 16:18).
 
The "rock" begins the foundation of Jesus' church and the binding of His testimony as a witness to future generations. The sons of thunder were to "thunder" or deliver the gospel to many people both orally and as a written testimony.
 
 
Paul, who was recommended by Peter as God's messenger of truth (2 Peter 3:15-18) was also given the authority to write about the gospel. His letters tell us that his words are the "word" of God.
    1 Thessalonians 213 For this cause also thank we God without ceasing, because, when ye received the word of God which ye heard of us, ye received it not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the word of God, which effectually worketh also in you that believe.
 
Paul did not meet the Lord until after the Lord was crucified and then resurrected. The Lord called out Paul after His ascension to heaven by speaking directly to him from heaven (Acts 9:1-30). Paul had a very important mission and it included witnessing the word to many (Acts 9:15). His mission is historically proven accomplished through his letters that are found in the New Testament.
 
 
Paul may have worked on gathering his and other apostolic writings that he wanted reserved for future use in various churches.
 
He wrote to Timothy that he wanted certain "parchments" brought to him.
    2 Timothy 411 Only Luke is with me. Take Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the ministry.12 And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus.13 The cloke that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books, but especially the parchments.
So what were the parchments? Jewish Scripture was easy enough to obtain most anywhere so there was no need for Paul to request they be sent to him. Were these parchments possibly some of the writings being gathered for a specific New Covenant that would later become part of the New Testament?
 
Both Peter and Paul were martyred sometime between A.D. 64 and 67. They were both in Rome before they were martyred. It is possible that Peter, along with Mark, helped Paul gather some of their writings together (possibly the parchments) for the Christian churches they began.
 
 
The apostle John, one of the "sons of thunder," is credited for writing certain New Testament letters as well as the gospel which bears his name. Witnesses testify that he was its writer.
    John 2124 This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true.
Who were the "we" who were witnesses to John's gospel? Could they have been some of those who saw the risen Savior?
    1 Corinthians 156 After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep.
Some of these men were possibly elders of Christian churches that were established at the time of the apostles.
 
 
 
The disciple Luke wrote that there were others who were in the process of writing about the events that took place concerning Christ.
    Luke 11 Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us,2 Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word;3 It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus,4 That thou mightest know the certainty of those things, wherein thou hast been instructed.
Those apostles and close disciples who wrote about Christ were interested in telling the truth about the message of Christ.
    2 Peter 116 For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty.
But their were those who were more interested in fables and who did not always tell the truth or accurately portray it.
 
 
In one of his letters, the disciple John the Elder mentions that there were those who denied Jesus was born "in the flesh."
    2 John 16 And this is love, that we walk after his commandments. This is the commandment, That, as ye have heard from the beginning, ye should walk in it.7 Formany deceivers are entered into the world, who confess not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh. This is a deceiver and an antichrist.8 Look to yourselves, that we lose not those things which we have wrought, but that we receive a full reward.9 Whosoever transgresseth, and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, hath not God. He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ, he hath both the Father and the Son.
And Paul forewarned of false doctrines that would come into existence after his departure. 
    2 Timothy 41 I charge thee therefore before God, and the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead at his appearing and his kingdom;2 Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long suffering and doctrine.3 For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears;4 And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables.5 But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry.6 For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand.
False doctrine did come in to existence after Paul was gone. This false doctrine crept up into church history through forms such as first century docetism (Christ did not have a physical body), second century gnosticism and the teachings of Marcion who believed the Old Testament God was evil and different from the New Testament God, and the third century non-trinitarian arianism. Through the centuries, other doctrines followed.
 
False doctrines may mention Jesus in honorable ways but they also at times disagree with Old Testament prophecies and New Testament writings proven to be apostolic. For this reason, they were not supported by the apostolic churches or used for liturgical service.
 
Certain books left out of cannon include the apocrypha, some of which should be studied with caution since it may be gnostic in nature. Other apocrypha are part of the original Catholic canon and are worthy of study. Pseudepigrapha which deserves study includes Old Testament works such as Enoch, a book quoted by the New Testament Jude (Jude 1:14), studied by early church fathers, and canonized by the Ethiopian Coptic Orthodox church. Books not considered part of original canon should be studied by comparing its content to that of books found in canon.
 
 
Important second century church leaders who mentioned the apostolic gospels canonized were Polycarp, Irenaeus, and Papias.
 
Polycarp (?-155 A.D.), who was taught by John, was a Christian bishop of Smyrna. He died a martyr for the Lord. He wrote letters such as that to Smyrna which reference verses from several of the New Testament books (Kirby, "St. Polycarp").
 
Irenaeus (130-202 A.D.), bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, was taught about the Lord by Polycarp. He speaks of New Testament Scripture as the Gospel of Truth and the Gospels of the Apostles.
    But it is not possible that the Gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are. For since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds, while the church has been scatteredthroughout the world, and since the "pillar and ground" of the church is the Gospel and the spirit of life, it is fitting that she should have four pillars, breathing incorruption on every side, and vivifying human afresh. From this fact, it is evident that the Logos, the fashioner demiourgos of all, he that sits on the cherubim and holds all things together, when he was manifested to humanity, gave us the gospel under four forms but bound together by one spirit (Kirby, "Irenaeus").
Notice how the first four Books of the New Testament were quoted as Gospels and considered sacred (given by the Lord).
 
Papias, also known as Bishop of Hierapolis (by Eusebus), was a Christian leader in the first part of the second Century. Papias describes the way he gathered information.
    But I shallnot be unwilling to put down, along with my interpretations, whatsoever instructions I received with care at any time from the elders, and stored up with care in my memory, assuring you at the same time of their truth. For I did not, like the multitude, take pleasure in those who spoke much, but in those who taught the truth; nor in those who related strange commandments, but in those who rehearsed the commandments given by the Lord to faith, and proceeding from truth itself. If, then, any one who had attended on the elders came, I asked minutely after their sayings,--what Andrew or Peter said, or what was said by Philip, or by Thomas, or by James, or by John, or by Matthew, or by any other of the Lord's disciples: which things Aristion and the presbyter John, the disciples of the Lord, say. For I imagined that what was to be got from books was not so profitable to me as what came from the living and abiding voice (Kirby, "Fragments of Papias").
Papias tells about books of the Lord and then says he preferred to hear about the gospel directly from the first Presbyters (elders) (Acts 14:23).
 
The earliest substantial New Testament manuscript known to exist (including before Constantine and the legalization of Christianity) is a slightly mutilated codex of Paul's epistles dating between the second and third century known as Papyrus 46 (Griffin). P 46 is both written and historical proof of the writings of Paul used as a rule or code of ethics for the early Christians.
 
 
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Works Cited
 
"Canon." American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018, https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=canon

Griffin, Bruce W. "The Paleographical Dating of P. 46." Lincoln College, Nov. 1996, http://www.biblical-data.org/P-46%20Oct%201997.pdf. Accessed 28 October 2018.

Kirby, Peter. "Fragments of Papias." Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/papias.html. Accessed 28 October 2018.

Kirby, Peter. "Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies 3.11.8."Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/irenaeus-book3.html. Accessed 28 October 2018.

Kirby, Peter. "St. Polycarp of Smyrna." Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/polycarp.html. Accessed 28 October 2018.

McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence that Demands a Verdict.. Nashville, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1999.

Schaff, Philip. "NpNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine." Christian Classics Ethereal Library. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iv.xxxvi.html.