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Canonization of New Testament Scripture
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The prophet Jeremiah foretold of a new covenant God would make with His people.
The old covenant is written in stone. The "new covenant" is written in the hearts of the people who
worship God.
The original covenant God
gave Moses was put into writing in the 10 commandments of stone and further explained in what is called the
Old Testament (law, writings, and prophets). The new covenant is the gospel of Christ which is made between God and man
when Jesus fulfilled the original messianic prophecies (Matt. 5:17) of the Old Testament. It is put into writing in the
hearts of those who belong to Him and explained in what is called the New Testament (gospels, letters, and revelation).
In the
Old Testament is found a set of rules to govern the Jewish people before Christ. In the New Testament is
found a set of rules to govern the spiritually Jewish people (Christians)--all of mankind of every race, color, and creed who
accept Jesus as their Messiah and Savior.
God came to man through the Son of God in the form
of the man Jesus to make a new covenant which would give mankind the gift of salvation. This new covenant was written
down by Jesus' apostles and disciples so that future generations could have an opportunity to learn about Jesus and
from it receive this salvation.
[New Testament meaning of New Covenant was possibly derived from the Jeremiah verse.]
The New
Testament written documents were compiled and chosen as liturgy by certain leaders of the church during and after apostolic
times. In A.D. 331, the Roman emperor Constantine I commissioned Eusebius of Caesarea to bring together fifty Bibles as samples of
these organized documents (Schaff). This began their official canonization (canonization: an ecclesiastical law or code of laws
established by a church council) ("Canon").
The word "canon" was derived from the "reed," a plant used as a measuring rod.
Origen, who was a third-century church father, used this word to denote a "rule of faith" (McDowell 21). Accordingly, the written documents
were set as a rule of faith for Christians.
The final official canonization of New Testament Scripture took place in A.D. 397
at the Council of Carthage. Previous to this Council was the Synod of Hippo in A.D. 393 which listed all 27 books now known
to the New Testament. Neither Council decided which books were to be selected for the New Testament. They reaffirmed
the books already in use since apostolic times. Reasons the books were chosen for canonicity are their consistency and proof of
being prophetically written (such as by the apostles who quoted Old Testament to verify fulfillment), confirmation from God found
in works of miracles (as found in the gospels and Acts), clear and precise truth, having the power of God, and accepted by God's
chosen people for liturgy since apostolic times (McDowell 21-2).
That the New Testament would be put in to writing was
predicted by Isaiah.
Isaiah actually tells us it is the disciples of the Lord God ("my disciples") (v. 16) who were to
write the New Testament.
According to Peter, Jesus as the Lord God chose three apostles He named the "sons of thunder"
(Mark 3:14-17) to fulfill this work.
Proof of the three apostles' special choosing is their having witnessed the transfiguration
of Christ (v. 18-19) as found in Mark 9:2-9.
Peter says that he will see to it the message of Christ
will be "always in remembrance" after he is gone (v.15). Peter intended to put the works of Christ and His followers in to writing.
Peter
was also named by Jesus as the "rock" upon which He would build His church "And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter,
and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it" (Matt. 16:18).
The "rock" begins
the foundation of Jesus' church and the binding of His testimony as a witness to future generations. The sons of thunder were
to "thunder" or deliver the gospel to many people both orally and as a written testimony.
Paul, who was recommended by
Peter as God's messenger of truth (2 Peter 3:15-18) was also given the authority to write about the gospel. His letters tell
us that his words are the "word" of God.
Paul did not meet the Lord until after the Lord was crucified and
then resurrected. The Lord called out Paul after His ascension to heaven by speaking directly to him from heaven (Acts
9:1-30). Paul had a very important mission and it included witnessing the word to many (Acts 9:15). His mission is
historically proven accomplished through his letters that are found in the New Testament.
Paul may have worked
on gathering his and other apostolic writings that he wanted reserved for future use in various churches.
He wrote
to Timothy that he wanted certain "parchments" brought to him.
So what were the parchments? Jewish Scripture was easy
enough to obtain most anywhere so there was no need for Paul to request they be sent to him. Were these parchments possibly some of
the writings being gathered for a specific New Covenant that would later become part of the New Testament?
Both Peter
and Paul were martyred sometime between A.D. 64 and 67. They were both in Rome before they were martyred. It is possible that
Peter, along with Mark, helped Paul gather some of their writings together (possibly the parchments) for the Christian churches they
began.
The apostle John, one of the "sons of thunder," is credited for writing certain New Testament letters as
well as the gospel which bears his name. Witnesses testify that he was its writer.
Who were the "we" who were witnesses to John's gospel?
Could they have been some of those who saw the risen Savior?
Some of these men were possibly elders
of Christian churches that were established at the time of the apostles.
The disciple Luke wrote that there were
others who were in the process of writing about the events that took place concerning Christ.
Those apostles and close disciples who wrote about Christ were interested
in telling the truth about the message of Christ.
But their were those who were more interested
in fables and who did not always tell the truth or accurately portray it.
In one of his letters, the disciple
John the Elder mentions that there were those who denied Jesus was born "in the flesh."
False
doctrine did come in to existence after Paul was gone. This false doctrine crept up into church history through forms such as first
century docetism (Christ did not have a physical body), second century gnosticism and the teachings of Marcion who believed
the Old Testament God was evil and different from the New Testament God, and the third century non-trinitarian arianism. Through
the centuries, other doctrines followed.
False doctrines may mention Jesus in honorable ways but they also at times
disagree with Old Testament prophecies and New Testament writings proven to be apostolic. For this reason, they were not supported
by the apostolic churches or used for liturgical service.
Certain books left out of cannon include the apocrypha, some of
which should be studied with caution since it may be gnostic in nature. Other apocrypha are part of the original Catholic
canon and are worthy of study. Pseudepigrapha which deserves study includes Old Testament works such as Enoch, a book quoted
by the New Testament Jude (Jude 1:14), studied by early church fathers, and canonized by the Ethiopian Coptic Orthodox church. Books not
considered part of original canon should be studied by comparing its content to that of books found in canon.
Important second
century church leaders who mentioned the apostolic gospels canonized were Polycarp, Irenaeus, and Papias.
Polycarp
(?-155 A.D.), who was taught by John, was a Christian bishop of Smyrna. He died a martyr for the Lord. He wrote letters
such as that to Smyrna which reference verses from several of the New Testament books (Kirby, "St. Polycarp").
Irenaeus
(130-202 A.D.), bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, was taught about the Lord by Polycarp. He speaks of New Testament Scripture
as the Gospel of Truth and the Gospels of the Apostles.
Notice how the first four Books of the New
Testament were quoted as Gospels and considered sacred (given by the Lord).
Papias, also known as Bishop of Hierapolis (by Eusebus),
was a Christian leader in the first part of the second Century. Papias describes the way he gathered information.
Papias tells about books of the Lord and then says he preferred to hear about the gospel directly
from the first Presbyters (elders) (Acts 14:23).
The earliest substantial New Testament manuscript known to exist (including
before Constantine and the legalization of Christianity) is a slightly mutilated codex of Paul's epistles dating between the
second and third century known as Papyrus 46 (Griffin). P 46 is both written and historical proof of the writings of Paul used
as a rule or code of ethics for the early Christians.
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Works
Cited
"Canon." American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018, https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=canon
Griffin, Bruce W. "The Paleographical Dating of P. 46." Lincoln College, Nov. 1996, http://www.biblical-data.org/P-46%20Oct%201997.pdf. Accessed 28 October 2018. Kirby, Peter. "Fragments of Papias." Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/papias.html. Accessed 28 October 2018. Kirby, Peter. "Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies 3.11.8."Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/irenaeus-book3.html. Accessed 28 October 2018. Kirby, Peter. "St. Polycarp of Smyrna." Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/polycarp.html. Accessed 28 October 2018. McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence that Demands a Verdict.. Nashville, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1999. Schaff, Philip. "NpNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine." Christian Classics Ethereal Library. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iv.xxxvi.html. |